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Likens, Gene E.
Adjunct Professor and Distinguished Senior Scientist, IES
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Affiliations
member of graduate field
Research
geographic focus
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domestic geographical region
Publications
individual publications
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academic article
- Response of ozone and nitrate to stationary source NOx emission reductions in the eastern USA. Atmospheric Environment. 45:1084-1094. 2011
- Controlling eutrophication: Nitrogen and phosphorus. Science. 323:1014-1015. 2009
- Dynamics of wood recruitment in streams of the northeastern U.S. . Forest Ecology and Management. 258:804-813. 2009
- Reply to comments on "Controlling eutrophication: Nitrogen and phosphorus". Science. 324:724-725. 2009
- Regional precipitation mercury trends in the eastern USA, 1998–2005: Declines in the Northeast and Midwest, no trend in the Southeast. Atmospheric Environment. 42:1582-1592. 2008
- Population and Biomass Dynamics of Trees in a Northern Hardwood Forest at Hubbard Brook. Canadian Journal of Forest Restoration. 37:737-749. 2007
- Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries: I. Nutrient and trophic controls. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 309:25-39. 2006
- Environmental change and the role of potassium in forested ecosystems. Ecology Letters. 9:451-466. 2006
- The impact of changing nitrogen oxide emissions on wet and dry nitrogen deposition in the northeastern USA. Atmospheric Environment. 39:4851-4862. 2005
- The Biogeochemistry of Carbon at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry. 75:109-176. 2005
- Nor Gloom of Night: A New Conceptual Model for the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. BioScience. 54:139-148. 2004
- Nitrogen dynamics in ice storm-damaged forest ecosystems Implications for nitrogen limitation theory. Ecosystems. 6:431-443. 2003
- Sulfate inhibition of molybdenum-dependent nitrogen fixation by planktonic cyanobacteria under seawater conditions: A non-reversible effect. Hydrobiologia. 500:277-293. 2003
- Inorganic nitrogen losses from a forested ecosystem in response to physical, chemical, biotic, and climatic perturbations. Ecosystems. 5:648-658. 2002
- Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems. Nature. 417:729-731. 2002
- Physiological Indicators of Nutrient Deficiency in Phytoplankton in Southern Chilean Lakes. Hydrobiologia. 489:21-27. 2002
- Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Nature. 406:181-183. 2000
- Denitrification in Stream Sediments in Five Northeastern (USA) Streams. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen. 27:1331-1336. 2000
- Nutrient Limitation in Lago Chaiquenes (Parque Nacional Alerce Andino, Chile): Evidence from Nutrient Enrichment Experiments and Physiological Assays. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 72:559-568. 1999
- Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences. Issues in Ecology. 1:1-15. 1997
- Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences. Ecological Applications. 7:737-750. 1997
- The biogeochemistry of potassium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry. 25:61-125. 1994
- Reply to the comments by Robert Stauffer on "Sulfur storage and alkalinity generation in New England lake sediments" by Giblin et al. Limnology and Oceanography. 36:1265. 1991
- Sulfur storage and alkalinity generation in New England lake sediments. Limnology and Oceanography. 35:852-869. 1990
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article
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conference paper
- The importance of reduced inorganic sulfur to the sulfur cycle of lakes. Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Aqueous Ecosystems. Proceedings of SCOPE/UNEP workshop at Listvyanka/Irkutsk, USSR, September 2-8, 1988. 1992
- Statement of the Club of Earth: On Tropical Forests. IUCN Conference. 1990
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report
selected publications listing
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Book--In Press
- Lindenmeyer, D. B. and G. E. Likens 2009. Monitoring for Ecological Knowledge. CSIRO Publishing.
- Weathers, K. C., D. L. Strayer, and G.E. Likens (eds.). 2009. Fundamentals of Ecosystem Science. Academic Press, Inc.
- Winter, T. C. and G. E. Likens (eds.). 2009. Mirror Lake: Interactions Among Air, Land and Water. University of California Press.
- Winter, T. C. and G. E. Likens (eds.). 2008. Dynamics of Lake, Watershed and Atmospheric Linkages. University of California Press.
Books
- Likens, G. E. (ed.). 2009. Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. Oxford: Elsevier. 3 volumes.
- Wetzel, R. G., and G. E. Likens. 2000. Limnological Analyses. Third Edition. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 429 pp.
- Pickett, S. T. A., R. S. Ostfeld, M. Shachak, and G. E. Likens (eds.). 1997. The Ecological Basis of Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity. Chapman & Hall, Inc., New York. 466 pp.
- Likens, G. E., and F. H. Bormann. 1995. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Second Edition. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 159 pp.
- Groffman, P. M., and G. E. Likens (eds.). 1994. Integrated Regional Models: Interactions Between Humans and Their Environment. Chapman & Hall, Inc., New York. 157 pp.
- Likens, G. E. 1992. The Ecosystem Approach: Its Use and Abuse. Excellence in Ecology, Vol. 3. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. 166 pp.
- Wetzel, R. G., and G. E. Likens. 1991. Limnological Analyses. Second Edition. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 391 pp.
- Likens, G. E. (ed.). 1989. Long-Term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 214 pp.
- Likens, G. E. (ed.). 1985. An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology: Mirror Lake and Its Environment. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 516 pp.
- Palmer, M.A., E.S. Bernhardt, W.H. Schlesinger, K.N. Eshleman, E. Foufoula-Georgiou, M.S. Hendryx, A.D. Lemly, G.E. Likens, O.L. Loucks, M.E. Power, P.S. White, and P.R. Wilcock. 2010. Mountaintop Mining Consequences. Science 327(5962):148-149. DOI: 10.1126/science.1180543.
- Searchinger, T.D., S.P. Hamburg, J. Melillo, W. Chameides, P. Havlik, D.M. Kammen, G.E. Likens, M. Obersteiner, M. Oppenheimer, G.P. Robertson, W.H. Schlesinger, G.D. Tilman and R. Lubowski. 2010. Carbon Calculations to Consider Response. Science 327(5967):781-781.
- Bade, D. L., K. Bouchard, and G. E. Likens. 2009. Algal co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus persists after 30 years in Mirror Lake (New Hampshire, USA). Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 30(7):1121-1123
- Conley, D. J., H. W. Paerl, R. W. Howarth, D. F. Boesch, S. P. Seitzinger, K. E. Havens, C. Lancelot and G. E. Likens. 2009. Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Science 323(5917):1014-1015
- Conley, D.J., H.W. Paerl, R.W. Howarth, D.F. Boesch, S.P. Seitzinger, K.E. Havens, C. Lancelot, and G.E. Likens. 2009. Eutrophication: Time to Adjust Expectations Response. Science 324(5928):724-725.
- Cosentino, B. J., W. H. Lowe, and G. E. Likens. 2009. Demography and movement of the Northern spring salamander in four New Hampshire headwater streams. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 30(5):677-680
- Hairston, N. G., Jr. and G. E. Likens. 2009. The Legacy of James G. Needham: A Century of Limnology at Cornell University and the first course on Limnology in the Americas. ASLO Bulletin 18(2):30-32
- Kelly, V.R., K.C. Weathers, G.M. Lovett, and G.E. Likens. 2009. Effect of Climate Change between 1984 and 2007 on Precipitation Chemistry at a Site in Northeastern USA. Environmental Science & Technology 43(10):3461-3466. DOI: 10.1021/es8033473.
- Likens, G. E. and D. C. Buso. 2009. Salinization of Mirror Lake by road salt. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 205(1-4):205-214
- Likens, G.E. and J.F. Franklin. 2009. Ecosystem Thinking in the Northern Forest-and Beyond. Bioscience 59(6):511-513
- Likens, G.E., K.F. Walker, P.E. Davies, J. Brookes, J. Olley, W.J. Young, M.C. Thoms, P.S. Lake, B. Gawne, J. Davis, A.H. Arthington, R. Thompson, and R.L. Oliver. 2009. Ecosystem science: toward a new paradigm for managing Australia's inland aquatic ecosystems. Marine and Freshwater Research 60(3):271-279. DOI: 10.1071/MF08188
- Lindenmayer, D. and G. E. Likens. 2009. Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring. Trends in Ecology and the Environment 24(9): 482-486. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.005
- Lindenmayer, D.B., G.E. Likens, J.F. Franklin, and R. Muntz. 2009. Opportunity in the Wake of Natural "Disasters". Science 324(5926):463
- Searchinger, T.D., S.P. Hamburg, J. Melillo, W. Chameides, P. Havlik, D.M. Kammen, G.E. Likens, R.N. Lubowski, M. Obersteiner, M. Oppenheimer, G.P. Robertson, W.H. Schlesinger, G.D. Tilman. 2009. Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error. Science 326(5952):527-528
- Stewart, K., K. Walker, and G. E. Likens. 2009. Meromictic lakes.In: G. E. Likens (ed.). Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. Oxford: Elsevier Ch. 27
- Warren, D. R., C. E. Kraft, W. S. Keeton, J. S. Nunery and G. E. Likens. 2009. Dynamics of wood recruitment in streams of the northeastern U.S. Forest Ecology and Management 258(5):804-813
- Anderson, C. B., G. E. Likens, R. Rozzi, J. Gutiérrez, J. J. Armesto and A. Poole. 2008. Integrating science and society through long-term socio-ecological research. Environmental Ethics. 30(3):295-312
- Anderson, C. B., G. E. Likens, R. Rozzi, J. R. Gutiérrez, J. J. Armesto, and A. Poole 2008. Integrating ecological sciences and environmental ethics into biocultural conservation in South American temperate sub-Antarctic ecosystems. Environmental Ethics 30:229-234
- Butler, T., M. Cohen, F. M. Vermeylen, G. E. Likens, D, Schmeltz, and R. S. Artz. 2008. Regional precipitation mercury trends in the eastern USA, 1998-2005: Declines in the Northeast and Midwest, no trend in the Southeast. Atmos. Environ. 42(7):1582-1592.
- Conley, D. J., G. E. Likens, D. C. Buso, L. Saccone, S. W. Bailey, and C. Johnson. 2008. Deforestation causes increased dissolved silicate losses in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Global Change Biol. 14:2548-2554
- Eviner, V. T., and G. E. Likens. 2008. Effects of pathogens on terrestrial ecosystem function. pp. 260-283.In: R. S. Ostfeld, F. Keesing, and V. Eviner (eds.). Infectious Disease Ecology: Effects of Ecosystems on Disease and of Disease on Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
- Greene, B. T., W. H. Lowe, and G. E. Likens. 2008. Forest succession and prey availability influence the strength and scale of terrestrial-aquatic linkages in a headwater salamander system Freshwat. Biol. 53(11):2234-2243
- Kelly, V. R., G. M. Lovett, K. C. Weathers, S.E.G Findlay, D. L. Strayer, D. J. Burns, and G. E. Likens. 2008. Long-term sodium chloride retention in a rural watershed: Legacy effects of road salt on stream water concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:410–415.
- Likens, G. E. 2008. Surprises from long-term studies at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, USA. pp. 68-77.In: A Better Future for the Planet Earth, Vol. III -- Commemorative Book for Blue Planet Prize Winners. Asahi Glass Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
- Likens, G. E. 2008. Sustainable conservation: Can it be done? pp. 51-61.In: L. L. Rockwood, R. Stewart, and T. Dietz (eds.). Foundations of Environmental Sustainability: The Coevolution of Science and Policy. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Likens, G. E., and F. H. Bormann. 2008. Environmental challenges in the Twenty-First Century and our respect for nature. 2003 Blue Planet Prize Commemorative Lecture. pp. 78-95.In: A Better Future for the Planet Earth, Vol. III -- Commemorative Book for Blue Planet Prize Winners. Asahi Glass Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.
- Lowe, W. H., M. A. McPeek, G. E. Likens and B. J. Cosentino. 2008. Linking movement behaviour to dispersal and divergence in plethodontid salamanders. Molecular Ecology 17:4459-4469
- Rosenberry, D. O., T. C. Winter, D. C. Buso, and G. E. Likens. 2008. Reply to comment by J. Szilagyi on "Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain take in the northeastern USA" [J. Hydrol. 340 (3-4) (2007) 149-166] J. Hydrology 348(3-4):566-567.
- Saccone, L., D. J. Conley, G. E. Likens, S. W. Bailey, D. C. Buso and C. E. Johnson. 2008. Factors that control the range and variability of amorphous silica in soils in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 72(6):1637-1644
- Campbell, J. L., C. T. Driscoll, C. Eagar, G. E. Likens, T. G. Siccama, C. E. Johnson, T. J. Fahey, S. P. Hamburg, R. T. Holmes, A. S. Bailey, and D. C. Buso. 2007. Long-term trends from ecosystem research at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-17. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 41 pp.
- Judd, K. E., G. E. Likens, and P. M. Groffman. 2007. High nitrate retention during winter in soils of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Ecosystems
- Lewis, G. P., and G. E. Likens. 2007. Changes in stream chemistry associated with insect defoliation in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 238:199-211.
- Lovett, G. M., D. A. Burns, C. T. Driscoll, J. C. Jenkins, M. J. Mitchell, L. Rustad, J. B. Shanley, G. E. Likens, and R. Haeuber. 2007. Who needs environmental monitoring? Front. Ecol. Environ. 5:253-260.
- McLauchlan, K. K., J. M. Craine, W. W. Oswald, P. R. Leavitt, and G. E. Likens. 2007. Changes in nitrogen cycling during the past century in a northern hardwood forest. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104(18):7466-7470.
- Rosenberry, D. O., T. C. Winter, D. C. Buso, and G. E. Likens. 2007. Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA. J. Hydrology. 340(3-4):149-166.
- Siccama, T. G., T. J. Fahey, C. E. Johnson, T. W. Sherry, E. G. Denny, E. B. Girdler, G. E. Likens, and P. A. Schwarz. 2007. Population and biomass dynamics of trees in a northern hardwood forest at Hubbard Brook. Can. J. For. Res. 37(4):737-749.
- Warren, D. R., E. S. Bernhardt, R. O. Hall, Jr., and G. E. Likens. 2007. Forest age, wood, and nutrient dynamics in headwater streams of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32(8):1154-1163.
- Gliwicz, Z. M., M. Gophen, R. Gulati, D. Hamilton, B. Boss, S. Ostroumov, J. Padisak, B. Wehrli, and G. E. Likens. 2006. Memoriam: Professor Robert G. Wetzel. Eco-Ethics International Union. Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions.
- Groffman, P. M., M. C. Fisk, C. T. Driscoll, G. E. Likens, T. J. Fahey, C. Eagar, and L. H. Pardo. 2006. Calcium additions reduce nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest. Ecosystems 9:1289-1305.
- Likens, G. E. 2006. Some reflections on ESA: Then and Now. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 87(4):326-328.
- Likens, G. E. 2006. Meromictic lake. pp. 679-681. In: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
- Likens, G. E., and D. C. Buso. 2006. Variation in streamwater chemistry throughout the Hubbard Brook Valley. Biogeochemistry 78:1-30.
- Lowe, W. H., G. E. Likens, and B. J. Cosentino. 2006. Self-organization in streams: The relationship between movement behavior and body condition in a headwater salamander. Freshwat. Biol. 51(11):2052-2062.
- Lowe, W. H., G. E. Likens, M. A. McPeek, and D. C. Buso. 2006. Linking direct and indirect data on dispersal: Isolation by slope in a headwater stream salamander. Ecology 87(2):334-339.
- Lowe, W., G. E. Likens, and M. Power. 2006. Linking scales in stream ecology. BioScience 56(7):591-597.
- Marino, R., F. Chan, R. W. Howarth, M. L. Pace, and G. E. Likens. 2006. Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries: I. Nutrients and trophic controls. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 309:25-39.
- Stelzer, R. S., and G. E. Likens. 2006. Effects of sampling frequency on estimates of dissolved silica export by streams: The role of hydrological variability and concentration-discharge relationships. Water Resour. Res. 42(7):1-10 [W07415].
- Tripler, C. E., S. S. Kaushal, G. E. Likens, M. T. Walter. 2006. Patterns in potassium dynamics in forest ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 9:451-466.
- Weathers, K. C., G. E. Likens, T. J. Butler, and A. Elliott. 2006. Acid rain. pp. 1549-1561. In: W. Rom (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 4th edition. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.
- Bernhardt, E. S., G. E. Likens, R. O. Hall, D. C. Buso, S. G. Fisher, T. M. Burton, J. L. Meyer, M. H. McDowell, M. S. Mayer, W. B. Bowden, S. E. G. Findlay, K. H. Macneale, R. S. Stelzer, and W. H. Lowe. 2005. Can’t see the forest for the stream? In-stream processing and terrestrial nitrogen exports. BioScience 55(3):219-230.
- Butler, T. J., G. E. Likens, F. M. Vermeylen, and B. J. B. Stunder. 2005. The impact of changing nitrogen oxide emissions on wet and dry nitrogen deposition in the northeastern USA. Atmospheric Environment 39:4851-4862.
- Fahey, T. J., T. G. Siccama, C. T. Driscoll, G. E. Likens, J. Campbell, C. E. Johnson, J. J. Battles, J. D. Aber, J. J. Cole, M. C. Fisk, P. M. Groffman, S. P. Hamburg, R. T. Holmes, P. A. Schwarz, and R. D. Yanai. 2005. The biogeochemistry of carbon at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry 75(1):109-176.
- Kaushal, S., P. M. Groffman, G. E. Likens, K. T. Belt, W. P. Stack, V. R. Kelly, L. E. Band, and G. T. Fisher. 2005. Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 102(38):13517-13520.
- Kelly, V. R., G. M. Lovett, K. C. Weathers, and G. E. Likens. 2005. Trends in atmospheric ammonium concentrations in relation to atmospheric sulfate and local agriculture. Environ. Pollut. 135:363-369.
- Likens, G. E. 2005. Professor Robert G. Wetzel. SIL News 46:1-3.
- Likens, G. E. 2005. Providing limnological leadership in tomorrow’s world. SIL Presidential Address, Lahti, Finland. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 29(1):1-10.
- Likens, G. E. 2005. Foreword. In: R. J. Naiman, H. Décamps, and M. E. McClain (eds.). Riparia. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, California.
- Likens, G. E. 2005. Robert G. Wetzel, 1936-2005. Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull. 14(2):44-45.
- Likens, G. E. 2005. Foreword. pp. v-vi. In: G. M. Lovett, C. G. Jones, M. G. Turner, and K. C. Weathers (eds.). Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes. Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc.
- Likens, G. E. and D. A. Pillard. 2005. Obituary, Frank A. Vertucci, 1956-2005. Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull. 14(4):83.
- Likens, G. E. and W. Lampert. 2005. In memoriam, Professor Robert G. Wetzel, 1936-2005. Arch. Hydrobiol. 163(4):431-433.
- Likens, G. E., D. C. Buso, and T. J. Butler. 2005. Long-term relationships between SO2 and NOx emissions and SO42- and NO3- concentration in bulk deposition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. J. Environ. Monitor. 7(10):964-968.
- Lovett, G. M., G. E. Likens, D. C. Buso, C. T. Driscoll, and S. W. Bailey. 2005. The biogeochemistry of chlorine at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, USA.
- Lowe, W. H., and G. E. Likens. 2005. Moving headwater streams to the head of the class. BioScience 55(3):196-197.
- Lowe, W. H., K. H. Nislow, and G. E. Likens. 2005. Forest structure and stream salamander diets: Implications for terrestrial-aquatic connectivity. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 29(1):279-286.
- Macneale, K. H., B. L. Peckarsky, and G. E. Likens. 2005. Stable isotopes identify dispersal patterns of stonefly populations living along stream corridors. Freshwat. Biol. 50:1117-1130. Biogeochemistry 72:191-232.
Service
current professional activities
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- Co-founder, Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, 1963
Background
educational background
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- Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1962
- Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1962